All creatures will return to Allah, as to Him they must return at the end of time. This is one of the fundamental basics of Iman in Allah. It is one of the pillars of Iman. Iman in the last Day is one of the pillars of Iman. As it has been authenticated that our Prophet, when asked by Jibreel (peace be upon him) in front of the Sahaba about the pillars of Iman, replied: &"It is to believe in Allah, His angels, His Books, His Messengers and the Last Day, and that you believe in preordainment (destiny), the bad and good thereof&" (Narrated by Muslim).
It is called the Last Day since there is no day after that. It is that day when the people of Jannah will rest eternally in that abode, and when the people of the Naar (hellfire) will rest eternally in that abode. This day has been referred by many names in the Qur&"an. These names indicate its high status and also explain what will happen on that Day. It is called: Yawm Al-Waqi&"a (the Occurrence) since it will certainly occur; Al-Khafeda Al-Rafe&"a (that which brings some down and brings others up) as it lifts some into Jannah and throws others into the Naar; Yaoum Al-Hisab (the Day of Reckoning), Yawm Al-Jaza&" (the Day of Reward) and Yaoum Al-Deen (the Day of Recompense). It is Yawm Al-Haaqqa (the Day of the Inevitable Reality) in which the events that Allah (exalted be He) told us will happen become a reality. It is also called Al-Taamma (the Overwhelming Calamity) as well as Al-Saakha (the Deafening Blast), since blowing the Horn on that Day will result in deafness. Another name is Yawm Al-Wa&"eed (the Day of (carrying out) the Threat), for on that Day the Kufaar (the disbelievers) will get what they were promised. It is also Yawm Al-Hassra (the Day of Regret) since on that day many will feel regret and remorse. It is also Yawm Al-Talaq (the Day of Meeting) because everyone will meet in one place. It is Yawm Al-Azifa (the Approaching Day) since it is very near. It is Yawm Al-Tanad (the Day of Calling) since people of Jannah will call those of the Naar, and those of the Naar will call those of Jannah. It is also called Yawm &"Aqeem (the Barren Day) because it is the last day and nothing comes after. It is also Dar Al-Aakhira (the Abode of the Hereafter), Dar Al-Qarar (the Last Abode) and Al-Ghasheya (the Overwhelming [event]) because it overwhelms people. There are also other names.
-The trial in the grave:
Questioning the deceased after the burial about his Lord, his religion and his Prophet. Allah keeps firm those who believe, with the firm word. The Mu&"men replies: “My Lord is Allah, my religion is Islam, and My Prophet is Muhammad.” But Allah leads astray the transgressors. The kafer (disbeliever) replies: “Huh.... Huh.. I do not know.” The hypocrite or the one who has doubts replies: “I do not know. I heard people say this and that, and I said like them.”
-Some of the torture and bliss of the grave:
When Othman visited a grave he used to cry till tears soak his beard. It was said to him: “You remember Jannah and the Naar and you don&"t cry, and then you cry here?” He replied: “The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: ‘Indeed the grave is the first stage among the stages of the Hereafter. So if one is saved from it, then what comes after it is easier than it. And if one is not saved from it, then what comes after it is worse than it.’&" And the Messenger of Allah said: &"I have not seen any sight except that the grave is more horrible than it&" (Narrated by Ahmad).The torture of the grave is for transgressors, hypocrites and Kufaar, and also some Mu&"meneen who have committed a major sin. Allah (exalted be He) says: &" And if you could but see when the wrongdoers are in the overwhelming pangs of death while the angels extend their hands, (saying): ‘Discharge your souls! Today you will be awarded the punishment of (extreme) humiliation for what you used to say against Allah other than the truth and (that) you were, toward His verses, being arrogant’&" (Al-An&"âm: 93).
Allah (exalted be He) says about the family of Pharaoh: “The Fire, they are exposed to it morning and evening. And the Day the Hour appears (it will be said): ‘Make the people of Pharaoh enter the severest punishment’&" (Ghâfir: 46).
And in a Hadeeth (saying of the Prophet) narrated by Zayd ibn Thabet, the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: &"Were it not that you would stop burying (your dead) in the graves (upon listening to their torment), I would have prayed to Allah for you to hear the torment in the grave which I hear.&" Then turning his face towards us, he said: &"Seek refuge with Allah from the torment of the grave.&" They said: &"We seek refuge with Allah from the torment of the grave.&" He said: &"Seek refuge with Allah from turmoil, its visible and invisible (aspects),&" and they said: &"We seek refuge with Allah from turmoil and its visible and invisible aspects,&" and he said: &"Seek refuge with Allah from the turmoil of the Dajjal,&" and they said: &"We seek refuge with Allah from the turmoil of the Dajjal&" (Narrated by Muslim).
The bliss of the grave is for the true Mu&"meneen. Allah (exalted be He) says: &"Indeed, those who have said: ‘Our Lord is Allah’ and then remained on a right course - the angels will descend upon them, (saying): ‘Do not fear and do not grieve but receive good tidings of Paradise, which you were promised.’&" (Fussilat: 30).
Allah says: 83- Then why, when the soul at death reaches the throat 84- And you are at that time looking on 85- And Our angels are nearer to him than you, but you do not see. 86- Then why do you not, if you are not to be recompensed, 87- Bring it back, if you should be truthful? 88- And if the deceased was of those brought near to Allah , 89- Then (for him is) rest and bounty and a garden of pleasure. 90- And if he was of the companions of the right, 91- Then (the angels will say): ‘Peace for you; (you are) from the companions of the right. 92- But if he was of the deniers (who were) astray, 93- Then (for him is) accommodation of scalding water 94- And burning in Hellfire. 95- Indeed, this is the true certainty, 96- So exalt the name of your Lord, the Most Great (Al-Wâqi&"ah: 83-96).
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said about the Mu&"men when he replies to the questions of the two angels in his grave: &"A crier will call from Heaven: ‘My servant has spoken the truth, so spread a bed for him from Paradise, clothe him from Paradise, and open a door for him into Paradise.’ So some of its air and perfume will come to him, and a space will be made for him as far as the eye can see” (Narrated by Ahmad and Abu Dawud in a long hadith).
This is the resurrection of the dead when the horn will be blown for the second time. People will rise to meet the Lord of the Worlds, barefooted, naked, and uncircumcised. Allah says: “As We began the first creation, We will repeat it. (That is) a promise binding upon Us. Indeed, We will do it” (Al-Anbiyâ&": 104).
The Resurrection: is a firm truth proven by the Qur&"an and the Sunnah of the Prophet as well as the consensus of the Muslim scholars. Almighty Allah says: 15- Then indeed, after that you are to die. 16- Then indeed you, on the Day of Resurrection, will be resurrected (Al-Mu&"minûn: 15-16).
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: &"The people will be assembled on the Day of Resurrection barefooted and uncircumcised&" (Agreed upon).
There is a consensus among Muslim scholars that the Resurrection is an affirmed matter. It is a result of Allah&"s wisdom that He sets a certain day on which He rewards them for what He has commanded them to do through His messengers. Almighty Allah says: “Then did you think that We created you uselessly and that to Us you would not be returned?” (Al-Mu&"minûn: 115).
Allah said to His Messenger (peace be upon him): “Indeed, (O Muhammad) He who imposed upon you the Qur&"an will take you back to a place of return” (Al-Qasas: 85).
Namely those which precede the occurrence of the Day of Judgement and that indicate its nearness. It is agreed that these signs are divided into minor and major signs.
-Minor Signs:
These are the signs that come mostly a long time before the Day of Judgement. Some of these signs have actually taken place and might happen again, and other signs have appeared and are still appearing one after the other. Some of these signs have not appeared till now but will happen as we have been told by the truthful Prophet (peace be upon him), such as: The mission of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and his death (peace be upon him); the conquest of Beit Al-Maqdis (Jerusalem); the occurrence of trials; honesty vanishing; the disappearance of knowledge and the appearance of ignorance; adultery, fornication and usury becoming prevalent; musical instruments becoming popular and drinking wine too; barefoot, naked, penniless shepherds vying in constructing high buildings; children being so disobedient to their mothers that they will treat them as their masters; mass deaths and killings amongst the people and the occurrence of frequent earthquakes, landslides, and the transformation (of people) into animals as well as false-accusations being made; the appearance of women in clothes which do not cover them; the increase in false testimonies and witnesses witholding true accounts; and many other signs which are mentioned in the Qur&"an and the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
-The Major signs:
These are great matters which, when they happen, will indicate that only a short time is left till the Day of Judgement. These are ten signs: The Maseeh Dajjal (Anti-Christ); the descent of Eesaa (Christ) (peace be upon him); Yajooj and Maajooj (Gog and Magog); three great sinkings of the earth: one in the East, one in the West and one in the Arabian Peninsula; the appearance of smoke in the sky; the rising of the sun from the west; Daabbat ul-Ard (The beast of the earth); and the fire which will bring the people together. These signs happen one after the other, so that when the first takes place the others come following after it.
1-Razing mountains to the ground.. Allah says: “And you see the mountains, thinking them rigid, while they will pass as the passing of clouds” (An-Naml: 88).
Allah says: 5- And the mountains are broken down, crumbling. 6- And become dust dispersing (Al-Wâqi&"ah: 5-6).
And Allah says: “And the mountains will be like wool” (Al-Ma&"ârij: 9).
Allah says: 105- And they ask you about the mountains, so say: ‘My Lord will blow them away with a blast. 106- And He will leave the earth a level plain; 107- You will not see therein a depression or an elevation’” (Tâ¬-Hâ: 105-107).
2-The eruption of seas and their being filled with flames. These seas that cover the larger part of our earth will erupt on that day. Allah says: “And when the seas are erupted” (Al-Infitâr: 3). “And when the seas are filled with flame” (At-Takwîr: 6).
3-The earth which people are used to will be changed, and the heavens too. People will be resurrected on an earth they do not recognize or that does not have any familiar spot they know. Allah says: “(It will be) on the Day the earth will be replaced by another earth, and the heavens (as well), and all creatures will come out before Allah, the One, the Prevailing” (Ibrahîm: 48).
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: &"The people will be assembled on the Day of Resurrection on a white plain with a reddish tinge, like the loaf of white bread, with no marks set up for anyone&" (Agreed upon).
The earth will become white with no features at all on it.
4-People will see what they are not used to seeing. They will see the sun meet with the moon, so they will become even more worried and horrified. Allah says: 7- So when vision is dazzled 8- And the moon darkens 9- And the sun and the moon are joined, 10- Man will say on that day: &"Where is the (place of) escape?&" (Al-Qiyâmah: 7-10).
5-The blowing of the horn, which marks the end of life on this world. When this day comes, the horn will be blown and thus life will end on Earth and in the heavens.. ‘And the horn will be blown, and whoever is in the heavens and whoever is on the earth will fall dead, except whom Allah wills” (Az-Zumar: 68).
The blowing of the horn will result in an enormous, devastating sound. Any who hears it will not be able to utter a word or go back to their families or friends 49- They do not await except one blast which will seize them while they are disputing. 50- And they will not be able (to give) any instruction, nor to their people can they return” (Yâ¬-Sîn : 49-50).
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: &"Then the horn will be blown and no one will hear it but he will bend his neck to one side and raise it from the other, and the first one to hear that horn will be a person who will be busy in setting right the tank used for providing water to the camels. He will swoon and the other people will also swoon&" (Narrated by Muslim).
6-The gathering of all creatures since creation started till the last one that was created, will occur at the great place of assembly. People, from the first to the last of those who have been created, will gather at this place, and so will all the Jinn and even the animals. Allah says: “Indeed in that is a sign for those who fear the punishment of the Hereafter. That is a Day for which the people will be collected, and that is a Day (which will be) witnessed” (Hûd: 103).
And He said: 49- Say, (O Muhammad): &"Indeed, the former and the later peoples 50- are to be gathered together for the appointment of a known Day&" (Al-Wâqi&"ah: 49-50).
7-People will be gathered naked on that Day, as they were first created by Allah. They, however, will not notice the people’s nakedness at all since they will be in a horrific situation. Aisha, the Mother of the Mu&"meneen (may Allah be pleased with her), was surprised to know about this nakedness. The Prophet said: &"The people will be gathered barefooted, naked, and uncircumcised.&" &"Aisha said: &"O Allah&"s Messenger! Will the men and the women look at each other?&" He said: &"The situation will be too hard for them to pay attention to that&" (Narrated by Al-Bukhari).
8-The oppressed will take revenge from the oppressor, even among the animals. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: &"The claimants will receive their claims on the Day of Ressurection, so much so that the hornless sheep will receive its claim from the horned sheep&" (Narrated by Muslim).
The Prophet (peace be upon him) also said: &"Whoever has oppressed another person concerning his reputation or anything else, he should beg him to forgive him before the Day of Resurrection when there will be no money (to compensate for wrong deeds), as if he has good deeds, those good deeds will be taken from him according to the oppression which he has done, and if he has no good deeds, the sins of the oppressed person will be loaded on him&" (Narrated by Al-Bukhari).
9-The sun will become so near to the people that they will be covered with their sweat, in different amounts each according to his deeds. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said : &"On the Day of Resurrection, the sun will draw so close to the people that there will be left only a distance of one mile.&" Sulaim bin Amir said: &"By Allah, I do not know whether he meant by ‘mile’ the mile of the (material) earth or an instrument used for applying collyrium to the eye.&" The Prophet continued: &"The people will be submerged in perspiration according to their deeds; some up to their knees, some up to the waist and some will have a bridle of perspiration,&" and, while saying this, Allah&"s Messenger pointed with his hand towards his mouth (Narrated by Muslim).
10-Some will take their record with their right hands and some with their left. People will remain in a state of confusion, fear and apprehension till each holds a record in his hand. The Mu&"meneen will be glad that safety is at hand when their records become settled in their right hands, while the Kaferoon (unbelievers) and the Monafeqoon (hyprocrites) will be even more distressed when their records land in their left hands; a rightful punishment for what they committed. Allah says: 19- So as for he who is given his record in his right hand, he will say: &"Here, read my record! 20- Indeed, I was certain that I would be meeting my account.&" 21- So he will be in a pleasant life - 22- In an elevated garden, 23- Its (fruit) to be picked, hanging near. 24- (They will be told): &"Eat and drink in satisfaction for what you put forth in the days past.&" 25- But as for he who is given his record in his left hand, he will say: &"Oh, I wish I had not been given my record 26- And had not known what is my account. 27- I wish my death had been the decisive one. 28- My wealth has not availed me. 29- Gone from me is my authority&" (Al-Hâqqah: 19-29).
11-People will be so horrified and frightened that no one will ask about anyone, as every person will be so closely concerned with his own self. Allah says: “The Day when there will not benefit (anyone), wealth or children” (Ash-Shu&"arâ&": 88).
Allah also says: 34- On the day a man will flee from his brother 35- And his mother and his father 36- And his wife and his children, 37- For every man, that day, will be a matter adequate for him” (&"Abasa: 34-37).
Each slave of Allah will be reckoned for his actions and will receive what he deserves for them. Allah (exalted be He) says: 25- Indeed, to Us is their return. 26- Then indeed, upon Us is their account (Al-Ghâshiyah: 25-26).
And He says: “Whoever comes (on the Day of Judgement) with a good deed will have ten times the like thereof (to his credit), and whoever comes with an evil deed will not be recompensed except the like thereof; and they will not be wronged”(Âl-&"Imrân: 160).
Allah says: “And We place the scales of justice for the Day of Resurrection, so no soul will be treated unjustly at all. And if there is (even) the weight of a mustard seed, We will bring it forth. And sufficient are We as accountant” (Al-Anbiyâ&": 47).
It is related by Ibnu Omar, (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: &"Allah will bring a believer near Him and shelter him with His Screen, and ask him: ‘Did you commit such-and-such sins?’ He will say: ‘Yes, my Lord.’ Allah will keep on asking him till he will confess all his sins and will think that he is ruined. Allah will (then) say: &"I did screen your sins in the world and I forgive them for you today,&" and then he will be given the book of his good deeds. (But) regarding infidels and hypocrites, their evil acts will be exposed publicly, and the witnesses will say: ‘These are the ones who lied against their Lord. Unquestionably, the curse of Allah is upon the wrongdoers’”(Hûd: 18). (Agreed upon).
The Messenger of Allah related, among the sayings he related from his Lord (glorified and exalted be He), that Allah said: &"Allah has written down the good deeds and the bad ones. Then He explained it (by saying that) he who has intended a good deed and has not done it, Allah writes it down with Himself as a full good deed, but if he has intended it and has done it, Allah writes it down with Himself as from ten good deeds to seven hundred times, or many times over. And if he has intended a bad deed and has not done it, Allah writes it down with Himself as a full good deed, but if he has intended it and has done it, Allah writes it down as one bad deed&" (Agreed upon).
Muslim scholars have agreed that the reckoning and receiving of rewards for actions will definitely take place, since this is how Allah&"s wisdom decreed matters to be. He revealed scriptures, sent His messengers, and commanded his slaves to have Iman in Him and obey Him. He threatened those who do not obey Him and do not have Iman in Him nor obey His messengers, with a sever torment. If there was no reckoning and receiving of rewards all of this would be frivolity, a state which Allah is to exalted to allow to happen. Allah points to this in His words: 6- Then We will surely question those to whom (a message) was sent, and We will surely question the messengers. 7- Then We will surely relate (their deeds) to them with knowledge, and We were not (at all) absent (Al-A&"râf: 6-7).
These are the eternal abodes of all the creation. Jannah is the abode of bliss that is prepared by Allah for those who fear Him and who believe in what He has commanded them to believe in, and have obeyed Allah and His messenger with complete sincerity. There Allah has created blisses that &"have never been seen or heard of before, or even imagined.&" Almighty Allah says: 7- Indeed, they who have believed and done righteous deeds - those are the best of creatures. 8- Their reward with Allah will be gardens of perpetual residence beneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide forever; Allah being pleased with them and they with Him. That is for whoever has feared his Lord (Al-Baiyinah: 7-8).
It was said to Al-Hassan Al-Basry: &"We have seen people that came after the time of the Sahaba who spend more time in worshipping Allah than the Sahaba themselves, so why are the Sahaba still better than them?&" Al-Hasan replied: &"These are worshipping Allah while wordly affairs occupy their hearts, while the Sahaba used to worship with the Hereafter in their hearts.&"Allah says: &"And no soul knows what has been hidden for them of comfort for eyes as reward for what they used to do&" (As-¬Sajdah: 17).
The best of these blisses is looking at Allah the Exalted’s Face in Jannah. Allah says: 22- (Some) faces, that day, will be radiant, 23- Looking at their Lord (Al-Qiyâmah: 22-23).
Almighty Allah says: &"For them who have done good is the best (reward) and extra&" (Yûnus: 26).
The best (reward) is Jannah, and the &"extra&" is looking at Allah&"s face. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: &"When those deserving Paradise enter Paradise, the Blessed and the Exalted will ask: ‘Do you wish Me to give you anything more?’ They will say: ‘Hast Thou not brightened our faces? Hast Thou not made us enter Paradise and saved us from the Fire?’&" He (the narrator) said: &"He (Allah) will lift the veil, and of things given to them nothing would be dearer to them than the sight of their Lord, the Mighty and the Glorious.&" Then the Prophet (peace be upon him) recited the following verse: &"For them who have done good is the best (reward) and extra&" (Yûnus: 26). (Narrated by Muslim).
As for the Naar: This is the abode of torment prepared by Allah the Exalted for the Kaferoon and transgressors who do not believe in Him and who disobeyed His Prophet. In this Naar there are various kinds of torments and punishments that cannot be even imagined. Almighty Allah says: &"And fear the Fire, which has been prepared for the disbelievers&" (Âl-&"Imrân: 131).
and He says: &"Indeed, We have prepared for the wrongdoers a fire whose walls will surround them. And if they call for relief, they will be relieved with water like murky oil, which scalds (their) faces. Wretched is the drink, and evil is the resting place&" (Al-Kahf: 29).
Allah says: 64- Indeed, Allah has cursed the disbelievers and prepared for them a Blaze. 65- Abiding therein forever, they will not find a protector or a helper. 66- The day their faces will be turned about in the Fire, they will say : &"How we wish we had obeyed Allah and obeyed the Messenger&" (Al¬-Ahzâb: 64-66).
Those who receive the least torture - may Allah save us from that - are those referred to by the Prophet (peace be upon him): &"The person who will have the least punishment from amongst those who are in the Hell Fire on the Day of Resurrection will be a man under whose arch of his feet a smoldering ember will be placed, and his brain will boil because of it&" (Narrated by Al-Bukhari).
1-Realizing one pillar of the pillars of Iman since Iman in Allah cannot be achieved except if one has Iman in the Last Day, for it is a pillar of Iman. We are therefore commanded to fight those who do not believe in the Last Day. Allah says: &"Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day&" (At-Taubah: 29).
2-Being secure in this world and in the Hereafter, and receiving a promise of great rewards. Allah says: &" Unquestionably, (for) the allies of Allah there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve&" (Yûnus: 62).
Aisha, the Mother of the Mu&"meneen (may Allah be pleased with her), said to a woman: &"Remember death much and your heart will soften.&"3-Being promised great rewards. Allah says: &"Indeed, those who believed and those who were Jews or Christians or Sabeans (before Prophet Muhammad) - those (among them) who believed in Allah and the Last Day and did righteousness - will have their reward with their Lord, and no fear will there be concerning them, nor will they grieve&" (Al-Baqarah: 62).
4-Being encouraged to do good deeds. Allah says: &"O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. That is the best (way) and best in result&" (An-Nisa’: 59), and He says: &"The mosques of Allah are only to be maintained by those who believe in Allah and the Last Day&" (At-Taubah: 18), and He says: &"There has certainly been for you in the Messenger of Allah an excellent pattern for anyone whose hope is in Allah and the Last Day, and (who) remembers Allah often&" (Al¬-Ahzâb: 21).
Moreover He says: &"There has certainly been for you in them an excellent pattern for anyone whose hope is in Allah and the Last Day&" (Al-Mumtahinah: 6), and He says &"and establish the testimony for (the acceptance of) Allah. That is instructed to whoever should believe in Allah and the Last day&" (At-Talâq: 2).
Al-Hassan (may Allah be pleased with him) said: &"He who knows death will regard the calamities of this world as trivial.&"5-It forbids one from committing wrongdoings: Almighty Allah says: &"and it is not lawful for them (the divorced women) to conceal what Allah has created in their wombs if they believe in Allah and the Last Day&" (Al-Baqarah: 228), and He says: &"And when you divorce women and they have fulfilled their term, do not prevent them from remarrying their (former) husbands if they agree among themselves on an acceptable basis. That is instructed to whoever of you believes in Allah and the Last Day&" (Al-Baqarah: 232), and He says: 44- Those who believe in Allah and the Last Day would not ask permission of you to be excused from striving with their wealth and their lives. And Allah is Knowing of those who fear Him. 45- Only those would ask permission of you who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day and whose hearts have doubted, and they, in their doubt, are hesitating&" (At-Taubah: 44-45).
We find therefore that those who do not have Iman in this Day do not think twice before committing sins, and they never have any feelings of shame 1- Have you seen the one who denies the Recompense? 2- For that is the one who drives away the orphan 3- And does not encourage the feeding of the poor (Al-Mâ&"ûn: 1-3).
The heart cannot be put right, be successful, feel enjoyment or pleasure, or be healthy or at peace except by worshipping Allah, loving Him and returning to Him.6-It is a consolation for the Mu&"men for what he might have missed of worldly pleasures, as he has hope that he will be rewarded with the blisses of the Hereafter. Jannah is the great reward, and worldly life is nothing but the enjoyment of delusion. Allah the Exalted says: &"Every soul will taste death, and you will only be given your (full) compensation on the Day of Resurrection. So he who is drawn away from the Fire and admitted to Paradise has attained (his desire). And what is the life of this world except the enjoyment of delusion&" (Âl-&"Imrân: 185).
Allah also says: 15- Say: &"Indeed I fear, if I should disobey my Lord, the punishment of a tremendous Day.&" 16- He from whom it is averted that Day - (Allah) has granted him mercy. And that is the clear attainment (Al-An&"âm: 15-16).
And He also says: &"And Allah is better and more enduring&" (Al-A&"lâ: 17).
